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Ms. Alvarado teaches ninth-grade biology. She notices that several of her students can perform well on concrete classification tasks but struggle when asked to reason about hypothetical scenarios, such as predicting outcomes of a genetic cross they have not directly observed. Which understanding of adolescent cognitive development would be most useful for guiding her instructional response?

A.Adolescents have reached full cognitive maturity and should apply formal reasoning without instructional scaffolds

B.Adolescents develop hypothetical reasoning through systematic rehearsal of domain-specific factual content

C.Adolescents revert to preoperational processing when exposed to unfamiliar disciplinary content

D.Adolescents enter formal operational thinking at variable rates, so abstract tasks benefit from concrete anchors

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